The Magnetic Effects on Hard Water, Corrosion, Biofouling, Bacteria, and Other Water System Problems
Introduction
The most extensive problems with current water systems are hard water or limescale buildup, mineral corrosion, bacteria, algae, and other biofouling. Hard water solutions involve water softening technology or chemical treatments that remove essential minerals or leave unwanted and unhealthy chemicals. These lead to unnecessary maintenance and costs and leave behind harmful residuals, such as excessive chlorine, acid solutions, scale, corrosion inhibitors, and biocides. In today's eco-friendly environment, the industry must find better ways to solve complex water challenges without requiring salt or chemical treatments while reducing water and energy consumption. Trinity RSS introduces a second-generation magnetically treated water conditioner and filtering system that works to remedy these issues. The system uses a charged polarity source (CPS) to condition the water and capture impurities through a 1-micron filtering element. Or can operate independently, both providing effective water conditioning or filtering.
How it Works
Water is a polar molecule. The oxygen-hydrogen (O–H) bonds in water make it a polar molecule in which one end of the molecule is slightly positive while the other is somewhat negative. While there is no net charge to a water molecule, the polarity of water creates a slightly positive chargeon hydrogen and a slightly negative charge on oxygen. This property causes water molecules to be weakly attracted to other water molecules (positive to negative, negative to positive) and results in the cohesion of water to itself. This polarity contributes to water's attraction properties, such as water droplets on a flat piece of glass, forming droplets, and beading up.1 These attractive properties cause large groupings of water clusters that attract minerals. Trinity's CPS induces a magnetized field (MF) that restructures grouped water clusters into smaller hexagonal-shaped molecules or organized clusters, improving the water's mineral solubility. The effect of magnetization on water derives from the change of molecular water energy. Exposing water to an MF decreases the water's intramolecular point, reducing its attractive properties while enhancing the activation energy or the energy needed to break up the hydrogen bonds. In addition, magnets affect the bonding angle between the hydrogen and the oxygen atom in the water molecule, reducing it from 104.5 to 103 degrees. This leads to changes min the properties of water, both physical and chemical, causing the water molecule to cluster together in groups of 6-7 rather than groupings of 12-14 and higher.2 The results are smaller water clusters that attract and suspend minerals (solubility) rather than allowing more extensive collections of amalgamated minerals to collect and harden in pipes, containers, or water system surfaces (i.e., limescale buildup).3
A Closer Look into Water System Problems and MF Solutions
Hard Water – In scientific terms, water hardness is generally the amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium minerals in the water. Mineral scale is formed from insoluble inorganic salts like calcium, magnesium, and sulfates precipitated in water and deposited on any surface they encounter. Hard water forms through limestone, chalk, or gypsum deposits containing large quantities of calcium and magnesium. The more these minerals are in the water systems, the more they leave behind solid calcium carbonate deposits on pipes and surfaces (i.e., lime-scale buildup). Several factors contribute to the formation of these deposits, such as water temperature, hydrodynamics, water system chemistry, alkalinity, pH levels, and plumbing materials. For example, the increase in the temperature or the solution pH leads to the acceleration of calcium carbonate nucleation and crystal growth. Still, scale formation predominates when water is heated.4 Scale or calcium carbonate (CaCO3) comes in two predominant forms, calcite and aragonite. Calcite is more cohesive, while aragonite is more adhesive, affecting its ability to crystalize on plumbing and equipment surfaces. Each can form in plumbing systems from mineral saturation due to several factors such as water temperature, Ph, flow, and mineralization levels or hardness. The cohesive properties of carbonate easily adhere to the walls of pipelines and heating equipment. This results from lower surface energy of nuclei on the wall or higher over-saturation degrees at the wall, at which water is heated (plumbing systems) or used as a coolant (heat exchangers). Evidence shows that a magnetic field (MF) applied to water can influence nucleation and crystal growth of scale or calcium carbonate or its precipitation ratio of calcite to aragonite. Several studies show that calcite is responsible for hard scales because it forms rhombohedral crystals, which are highly adhesive. In contrast, needlelike aragonite crystals are the main factor for creating softer, porous, more soluble deposits, allowing MF-treated water to soften and eventually remove scale buildup.56 To reiterate, water is a polar molecule in which one end of the molecule is slightly positive while the other is somewhat negative. While there is no net charge to a water molecule, the polarity of water creates a slightly positive charge on hydrogen and a slightly negative charge on oxygen. This property causes water molecules to be weakly attracted to other water molecules (positive to negative, negative to positive) and results in the cohesion of water to itself. This polarity contributes to water's attraction properties, such as water droplets on a flat piece of glass, forming droplets, and beading up—these attractive properties cause large groupings of water clusters of 12-14 molecules or larger that attract minerals. A magnetized field (MF) restructures grouped water clusters into smaller hexagonal-shaped molecules or organized clusters, improving the water's mineral solubility. The increased solubility allows individual minerals such as calcium carbonate (predominantly calcite and aragonite) to bond with the smaller groups, remain suspended in the water, and not attach to plumbing or equipment surfaces, thus reducing scale buildup.
Biofouling – Biofouling is the result of biofilm development. It refers to the growth and accumulation of living organisms on (or in) a given structure or piece of equipment, particularity to the extent where the functionality of the equipment becomes negatively impacted or incapable of performing its purpose.7 Biofilms constitute several biotic elements like bacteria, cyanobacteria, gram-negative bacilli or heterotrophic bacteria, and algae forming inside plumbing or water-cooling equipment, significantly affecting residential, commercial, and industrial water systems.8
Trinity's uniquely charged polarity source (CPS) can reduce biofouling elements, like algae and bacteria, in biofilms. Biofouling, or biological fouling, is the accumulation of microorganisms, plants, and algae on wet surfaces such as plumbing and water coolant equipment that have a mechanical function, causing structural or other functional deficiencies. These microorganisms can produce a biofilm or a layer of bacteria or other microbes that grows on and sticks to the surface of pipes or equipment. Removing biofilm can be difficult due to a protective extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) that forms around the bacterial colony.9 Studies have shown that this EPS layer can resist biocides and flushing methods in complex water systems. Biofilms formed in water systems can consume disinfectant and increase bacterial resistance to disinfection. This results in bacterial regrowth leading to color, turbidity, odor, corrosion problems, higher pathogen concentrations, and outbreaks of water-borne diseases.10
Several studies have shown that bacterial network analysis results indicate that MFs were detrimental to the co-existence among bacterial species, destroying the connectivity and complexity of their networks and inhibiting biofilm formation.11 These studies concluded that water treated with an MF decreased total biomass and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) content. EMF treatment could also decrease the deposition of mineral precipitates, reducing the carbonate and silicate content in biofilm used as a nutrient. The decrease in EPS content appeared to reduce biofilm-induced mineral crystallization, while the ion precipitations or insoluble mineral compounds accelerated by EMFs caused an erosive effect on biofilm.12 The results demonstrated that EMF treatment is a practical, chemical-free, and anti-biofouling method with great potential for biofouling control in water distribution systems. EMF treatment has been assessed on controlling microbial cells, and the results implied that EMFs may affect the growth rate, viability, adhesion, and metabolic activity of microorganisms. 13 Other studies indicated that ionic precipitations induced by EMFs could decrease the binding ability of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and, thus, reduce biofilm formation.14 The network size became smaller with MFs, indicating that the MFs reduced the biofilm networks' connectivity and complexity.1516
Applying MFs can induce a voltage difference across the bacterial membrane or electroporation, causing them to attract water, forming a layer around them. Suppose the voltage exceeds the threshold for electroporation or the increase in cell membrane permeability through externally applied pulsed electric fields, in this case, an MF (generally assumed to be about 1 V). In that case, the transmembrane pores are opened, leading to osmotic pressure, which arises due to the osmotic flow of water driven by the differing amounts of solutes between the water outside and inside, increasing osmotic forces, or excessive osmosis, forcing the water into the cells, rupturing the membrane, and destroying it.17 Therefore, it can be inferred that EMF treatment could disrupt the stability of the community networks and the symbiotic relationships of bacteria, affecting the content of bacterial cells and EPS and reducing biofilm formation.18 In an article published in the International Journal of Physics on the Effects of Magnetic Flux Density on the population of Escherichia coli in River Njoro Water, the study found, "The maximum disinfection level for E. coli (bacteria) attained this study was 82.2%...and with a slight increase in both magnetic flux [total magnetic field] and time exposure, the disinfection level could get to at least 99%."1920 Other similar research on the effect of MF on the Population of Salmonella Species concluded, “Based on the findings of this study, the following conclusions can be drawn that the maximum disinfection efficiency was 77% for Salmonella species exposed to 10mT of magnetic flux density for a period of 6 hours.” Further data supports that an MF can be an inhibitory factor against similar species like Salmonella.21 Lastly, and to emphasize current water management plans for complex water systems, remedial efforts to reduce biofilm in plumbing systems, like flushing and biocides, only temporarily remove the problem as deadlines in plumbing systems or lack of use can quickly re-establish bacterial growth within as little as twenty four hours. Heterotrophic bacteria have been shown to display a reduced sensitivity to disinfectants within a biofilm due to poor penetration of a disinfectant into the underlying cells, chemical interaction between the biofilm itself and the disinfectant, and the low growth rate and nutrient limitation of microorganisms in biofilms.2 Even municipal “residual levels” of chlorine that meet State standards struggle to remove biofilm due to the EPS layer.
Iron Bacteria
The bacteria obtain their energy from oxidizing ferrous iron. Iron has two forms in the environment. Ferrous iron is in a reduced state and is mobile in anaerobic or oxygen-free environments. Ferric iron, which is the oxidized form, is insoluble in aerobic or oxygen-rich environments, forming solid, rust-colored particles as indicated in the scoping results of both tanks. Soluble iron in the water provides food for the bacteria. Rusty or discolored water results from a bacterial feeding process.23 Iron-bacteria residue occurs when an area of water becomes exposed to oxygen. The iron bacteria use the oxygen in this zone to convert ferrous iron into ferric iron. As a result, the iron changes into a rusty, red precipitate. Due to the growing bacteria, this material can appear soft or filamentous organic.24
Sulfur Bacteria – Another bacterial challenge solved by an MF is the foul smell of sulfur or “sulfur bacteria.” Sulfur bacteria dwell in oxygen-deficient environments such as deep wells or plumbing systems and feed on decaying organic matter, creating a byproduct called hydrogen sulfide gas. Introducing an MF destroys the sulfur-reducing bacteria (i.e., sulfur bacteria), which can reduce elemental sulfur to its deadly hydrogen sulfide form. In this case, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is formed by adding hydrogen ions through decaying matter or anaerobic decomposition, as yeast does in the fermentation process. With the removal of oxygen ions by adding hydrogen ions, oxygen ions are removed or reduced, hence the effect of sulfur- reducing bacteria. The sulfur-reducing bacteria thrive when sulfate-rich water moves through low oxygen or anaerobic environment, like a closed water system. Such bacteria reconcile the transformation of sulfate into hydrogen sulfide, which, being a gas, can dissolve into water.25
As previously described, an MF destroys the sulfur bacteria using osmotic pressure rupturing the membrane and reducing the amount of the harmful hydrogen sulfide byproduct. While sulfur bacteria are not dangerous, hydrogen sulfide gas in the air can be corrosive, flammable, and detrimental at high levels. Removing the gas from the water or venting it into the atmosphere is essential.26
Calcium Silica – Brackish Water research also proves the positive effects of an MF on "brackish water distribution systems" (BWDS) fouled with calcium silica. In December 2021, a research group "demonstrated that an MF is an effective and chemical-free technology to control calcium- silica fouling in BWDS and provide a new perspective for sustainable application of brackish water." In addition, the study found that "MF effectively controlled the calcium-silica fouling in pipelines." The study also concluded the following, "The MF [magnetic field] also decreased the content of silica fouling (silica and silicate) 22.4%–46.3% by reducing the concentration of soluble silica and accelerating the flocculation [removal of large clusters in water] settlement."27 Another research paper on magnetic effects on water and calcium carbonate in industrial water concluded that silica hydrosol promoted limescale reduction. Silica hydrosols were formed by an MF and aided in the adsorption of calcite, reducing its buildup. It is unknown how this affects the contaminant form of silica in plumbing systems.28 However, Silica is also an essential mineral for your health. Combined with an MF aiding in bonding with calcites (calcium and magnesium), it is also de-clustered, suspended, and diffused in the water, making it as bioavailable as other calcite-forming minerals.
Surface Tension – A liquid's surface tension reflects the fluid's energy or attraction energy. Because of water’s polarity, the molecules strongly attract one another or adhesion, which gives water the characteristic of high surface tension. The molecules at the water's surface "stick together" to form a type of 'skin' on the water, strong enough to support very light objects. The surface tension in water relates to the exterior wall of the water molecule. In other words, because of surface tension, it takes energy to break the surface of a liquid. If an object (such as an insect) is light enough, there is not enough force due to gravity to break through the surface, so the object stays on top of the water.29 Another explanation of reduced surface tension or “wetter” water is described using “adhesion” and “cohesions” forces. Adhesion is the tendency of a substance to interact with other substances because of intermolecular forces, while cohesion is the tendency of a substance to interact with itself. If cohesive forces within a liquid are stronger than adhesive forces between a liquid and another substance, the liquid tends to keep to itself; it will bead up, and the liquid wets the other substance.30 However, if adhesive forces between a liquid and another substance are stronger than cohesive forces, the liquid will spread out over the other substance, trying to maximize the interface between the other substance and the liquid. For example, a freshly waxed car has low adhesive forces with water, so water beads up on the surface, because of its cohesion and surface tension. Introducing an MF field reduces the surface tension of water, creating a more adhesive force with the vehicle's surface, allowing the water to flow off the surface easily. The real issue with surface tension is that it causes water to clump in drops rather than spread out in a thin layer. The problem with plumbing is the inefficient flow of water.31 Surface tension is measured in “Dynes”/cubic centimeters; the higher the number, the higher the surface tension. An MF significantly reduces the water's surface tension or smaller organized water clusters (lower Dyne), facilitating a more efficient flow and improving heat transfer efficiency in heavily scaled plumbing systems or equipment.32 Yet, a key benefit of reduced surface tension or “wetter water” is that it permits the limescale to reach higher hydration. The increased hydration causes the scale to be weak, which allows the simple mechanical agitation of the movement of the water to remove the scale from pipes, boiler, or whatever device the water is used in or flowing.
Bioavailability – Besides improving water efficiency, reducing surface tension also improves cellular assimilation (hydration) or the bioavailability of water and minerals. Regarding surface tension measurement, most tap water is 73-75 dynes. The ideal surface tension for penetration of the cell membrane is forty-six dynes. Cellular structures assimilate water through osmosis, or the ability of water to pass through semi-permeable membranes. If the water clusters are too large, they struggle to penetrate the cells and assimilate nature's intended healthy mineralized water. Remember, an MF restructures water molecules into smaller clusters, aiding in its cellular absorption. The improved ability of water penetration into cells (or osmosis) has multiple human, animal, and agricultural benefits. Better cellular assimilation means better cellular absorption of healthy minerals and oxygen, improving plant and animal growth and reducing mineral deficiency-related diseases and other health-related problems.33
Evaporation – Magnetic field treatment of water used in cooling processes has been shown to change specific heat, evaporation rate amount, and boiling point of water.34 A study conducted at the University of Jiaozuo concluded, “It was found that the properties of TW [tap water] were changed following the MF [magnetic field] treatment, shown as the increase of evaporation amount, the decrease of specific heat and boiling point after magnetization....” The same study nconcluded that the results show MW [magnetized water] to improve cooling and power generation efficiency in water cooling systems.35
Chlorine – Studies show that an MF can degas chlorine, chloramine, and fluoride disinfectants. Degassing, or degasification, removes dissolved gases from liquids, especially water or aqueous solutions. There are several degassing methods available, like pressure reduction or thermal regulation. Still, studies have shown that an MF exposed to water can provide a viable alternative for degassing dissolved chemical elements, like chlorine and its residual details. Chlorine introduced into the water dissolves in gaseous form and reacts with microbes and chemical contaminants, disinfecting the water. During this process, chlorine residuals form, producing different chlorine variants, such as chloramines, can be formed, which are not as effective as a disinfecting agent as free chlorine. The chlorine still active to remove contaminants is known as free chlorine. Reducing the amount of residual chlorine in a system (or chlorine demand) will also reduce the total chlorine needed to disinfect adequately. According to a study at the University of Arizona WEST Center, “Under magnetic treatment, monochloramine (a byproduct of chlorine breakdown) was reduced by 13% after 24 hours of exposure, and the pool water was subsequently shown to contain 26.7% more free chlorine after monochloramine was removed...” 36 The exact effects of an MF to promote degasification are speculative. Still, studies like the WEST study have shown that an MF can influence degassing of dissolved chlorine elements, enabling a reduction in total chlorine use.
Detergents and Soaps – The effects of an MF on the water in lowering its surface tension increases its natural solvency, making it better able to permeate clothing to release soil and odors. Detergents are primarily surfactants or emulsifiers, which act similarly to lower the surface tension of the water, essentially making it 'wetter' so that it is less likely to stick to itself and more likely to interact with oil and grease.3738 An emulsion can be described as a colloidal suspension (mixture) of a liquid (e.g., an oil) dispersed in another liquid (e.g., water). In which it is typically insoluble. Emulsions are formed by mixing these two liquids with a third substance, mknown as an emulsifier, which creates a uniform, stable dispersion of the first liquid in the second.39 Therefore, when an emulsifying surfactant is added (or magnetically treated water) to a mixture of oil and water, it acts as a "bridge" between the two water and oil elements. At an atomic level, Hydrogen is altered by an MF, changing its molecular structure. When placing a magnet's pole (or "terminal") near water, the atoms in the immediate area become more highly charged by the electric field from the magnet. The increased charge causes the "activated" water (charged molecules) to restructure and become less attractive to each other, reducing its surface tension and becoming wetter, making it a better solvent or equivalent to an emulsifier to clean clothes or any other detergent application.40
Alkalinity – Carbonate minerals, if untreated, collect inside pipes and on surfaces instead of remaining soluble in the water, assisting in neutralizing acids. As a result, water’s excessive acids can contribute to poor alkalinity and significant pH changes. For example, assuming a neutral pH of 6-7 for average tap water, if the pH level is less than 6.5, it can contribute to the corrosion of the fixtures and the pipes, leading to increased metals in the drinking water. Meanwhile, a pH above 8.5 can contribute to scale buildup, especially in plumbing. Since alkalinity buffers against rapid pH changes, it helps protect plumbing systems from corrosion due to large amounts of acid in the water. At the same time, it protects living organisms, which need a specific pH range against acid rain and other acid wastes. Treating the water with an MF increases the solubility of minerals, aiding in neutralizing acids and improving alkalinity and its buffering effect on pH. When testing the water, a Langelier Scale Index (LSI) is used to measure water balance, as defined by calcium carbonate saturation. It determines if our water is aggressive/corrosive (low LSI), balanced, or scale-forming (high LSI)." It centers around -0.31 to 0.31. Below this reading, the water is under-saturated with minerals and can absorb more. Above this reading indicates it has too much-dissolved calcium and can precipitate enough to build up on pipes – assuming the water remains untreated. An MF de-clusters water molecules and better suspends minerals, makes them much more soluble, or lowers the LSI to a more balanced water (0.00 LSI).
The Trinity Experience
Trinity RSS has conducted field tests across several water system industries, such as residential,commercial, agricultural, and irrigation systems, with impressive results. Trinity water products are used in the following areas and systems:
Residential
Commercial (Restaurants, motels, injection mold plants, etc.)
Agriculture (Animal grow-out, poultry facilities, processing plants, feedlots)
Ice Processing Plants
Animal Feeding Operations (water feeders and feedlots)
Irrigation Systems
Water Cooling Systems (Heat exchangers, cooling towers, swamp coolers, chillers)
Conclusion
Using salt and chemical solutions in any water system costs thousands of dollars annually.41 Trinity RSS introduces an innovative and unique technology-driven MF solution to solve hard water, biofouling, or other water system problems while lowering overall equipment costs, water use, and energy consumption. Its unique second-generation charged polarity source, independently or combined with a 1-micron filtering element, eliminates the most challenging water system issues without costly salts or chemicals, avoiding a lifetime requirement for service, maintenance, and expensive supplies.
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